Risalah (Prophethood) in Islam: The Role, Qualities, and the Finality of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
In Islamic belief, Risalah or Prophethood is a fundamental concept that speaks to the relationship between Allah and humanity. Through the institution of prophethood, Allah communicates His divine guidance to humankind, providing clear teachings on how to lead a life of righteousness. Prophets, or Anbiya (plural of Nabi), are chosen individuals through whom Allah has sent revelations, and they serve as models of perfect conduct. These messengers are tasked with delivering the message of Tawhid (the oneness of Allah) and guiding their people out of ignorance and misguidance.The Role of Prophets in Islam
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| Risalah (Prophethood) in Islam |
The primary roles of the prophets include:
1. Messengers of Divine Revelation
The most important duty of the prophets is to deliver the divine message, or revelation, that Allah sends to them. This revelation, often compiled into sacred texts, contains instructions, warnings, and guidance for humanity. The prophets conveyed the message of Tawhid, which calls for the exclusive worship of Allah without associating partners with Him, and they opposed all forms of shirk (polytheism).Each prophet was sent to a specific community, and they were responsible for delivering the message in a way that would resonate with the people. In this context, the Qur'an mentions various prophets, including Nuh (Noah), Ibrahim (Abraham), Musa (Moses), and Isa (Jesus), all of whom brought their respective nations closer to the truth.
2. Exemplars of Morality and Behavior
Prophets are not just teachers who bring revelation; they are also the best examples of how to live in accordance with divine law. Their lives serve as practical manifestations of Allah's commands. Whether in their acts of worship, treatment of others, patience in trials, or leadership qualities, the prophets are presented in the Qur'an and Sunnah as role models for all believers.Prophet Ibrahim’s willingness to sacrifice his son in submission to Allah's will, or Prophet Yusuf's (Joseph) patience in the face of adversity, are just a few examples of prophetic qualities that Muslims are encouraged to emulate.
3. Warner and Giver of Glad Tidings
Prophets also serve as warners of impending divine punishment for those who reject Allah’s message, while simultaneously giving glad tidings to those who accept the truth and follow Allah’s guidance. This dual role highlights the mercy and justice of Allah — that He provides guidance and opportunity for repentance but also holds people accountable for their choices.In Surah Al-Baqarah (2:213), Allah describes this role:
"Mankind was [of] one religion [before their deviation]; then Allah sent the prophets as bringers of good tidings and as warners and sent down with them the Scripture in truth to judge between the people concerning that in which they differed."
4. Establishers of Communities Based on Divine Law
Many prophets were not just spiritual leaders but also established communities governed by divine law. They were entrusted with the mission to reform the social, political, and moral conditions of their people. For example, Prophet Musa (Moses) was given the Torah and led the Israelites out of the oppression of the Pharaoh, establishing a community based on the worship of Allah.Similarly, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was given the final and complete revelation, the Qur’an, and he established a just society in Madinah, governed by Islamic principles that emphasized justice, equality, and compassion.
The Qualities of Prophets in Islam
Prophets, though human, are chosen by Allah for their purity of heart, strength of character, and deep sense of responsibility towards guiding their communities. Some of the notable qualities of prophets include:1. Truthfulness (Sidq)
Every prophet is truthful in their speech, actions, and intentions. Their truthfulness is necessary because they convey the words of Allah. It is impossible for a prophet to lie because their mission is to deliver the truth to their people.2. Trustworthiness (Amanah)
Prophets are trustworthy in carrying out their duties as Allah’s messengers. This characteristic is essential because they must be trusted by their followers to deliver the message of Allah accurately and without distortion. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was known by his community as "Al-Amin" (the Trustworthy) even before he received prophethood, reflecting his integrity.3. Intellect (Fatanah)
Prophets possess great wisdom and understanding. They are gifted with the ability to interpret Allah’s commands and apply them to their communities. Their intellect allows them to navigate complex social, political, and spiritual challenges, guiding their followers with wisdom.4. Patience (Sabr)
Prophets are known for their incredible patience in the face of opposition, persecution, and hardship. Their missions were often met with resistance, but they never wavered in their commitment to delivering Allah’s message. The Qur’an narrates many instances of how the prophets endured mockery, exile, and even attempts on their lives with steadfastness and reliance on Allah.5. Sinlessness (Ismah)
Prophets are protected from committing major sins or errors in conveying Allah’s message. This concept, known as Ismah, ensures that the guidance they deliver remains pure and untainted. While prophets are human and may make minor mistakes in their personal lives, they are protected from anything that would compromise their message or their status as role models.Why Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is the Final Messenger
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is regarded as the Seal of the Prophets (Khatam an-Nabiyyin), which means that he is the last and final messenger sent by Allah to humanity. The Qur'an makes this explicitly clear in Surah Al-Ahzab (33:40):"Muhammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger of Allah and the Seal of the Prophets. And ever is Allah, of all things, Knowing."
The finality of Prophet Muhammad’s prophethood carries significant implications for Islamic theology:
1. The Completeness of the Qur'an
The Qur'an, revealed to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), is the final and complete revelation from Allah. Unlike previous scriptures, which were revealed to specific nations and communities, the Qur’an is a universal message for all of humanity until the Day of Judgment. It contains the complete guidance necessary for humanity’s spiritual and moral development. Since the message is complete, there is no need for further prophets to bring new revelations.2. Muhammad’s Example as the Perfect Model
The life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) serves as the most comprehensive example for believers. His character, leadership, and worship are preserved in the form of the Sunnah, which, together with the Qur’an, provides a complete guide for Muslims. The Sunnah complements the Qur’an and shows how its teachings can be applied to everyday life.3. Universal Message
Unlike previous prophets who were sent to specific nations, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was sent as a mercy to all of creation. His message transcended geographical, racial, and cultural boundaries, making it applicable to all people at all times. As the final messenger, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) delivered a universal message that encompasses all aspects of life."And We have not sent you [O Muhammad] except as a mercy to the worlds." (Surah Al-Anbiya, 21:107)